
“The Scientist” is a BioArt series composed of twenty fluorescence photomicrographs captured by the author over sixteen years of active scientific research with animal cells and viruses. The works are abstractions, allegories, and reveries of the macroscopic world within the microbiological universe, and vice versa. The project represents the thoughts of a human being that lives in the border between those realities.
This gallery merges science and art by repurposing cutting-edge laboratory techniques in cellular and molecular biology to address current issues including climate change, environmental pollution, the pandemic, virtuality, identity, human rights, and armed conflicts, among others, through an aesthetic and conceptual lens. All methodologies and protocols used to create the works were developed by the author in a handcrafted manner and have been published in scientific articles. As such, the gallery also reflects the author’s evolution as a scientist, both in terms of biotechnological skills and the instrumental resources of the laboratory where he works at the University of Costa Rica.
Tchaikovsky Op.20
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2008 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells infected with Dengue Virus (green). Cytoplasms of non-infected cells are shown in red and nuclei in blue.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic abstraction of Tchaikovsky’s famous ballet “Swan Lake”. The black swan is represented by the infected cell (green) that jumps into the scene surrounded by the other dancers.
B-612
3D cell culture
Immunohistochemistry
Digital photomicrography
2008 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of a 3D culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (red). The cell nuclei are shown in blue.
Author’s interpretation: When I visit spaces from my childhood that I haven’t seen in years, sadly it happens that the world that seemed so vast to me as a child has become much smaller when seen through the skewed perspective of the adult…
Kanagawa
Cell culture
Fluorescence microscopy
Digital photomicrography
2009 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human carcinoma cells showing cytoplasms in cyan and nuclei in magenta.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of the famous woodblock print from the 19th century “The Great Wave off Kanagawa” by Katsushika Hokusai. The piece also represents the rise in the levels of the sea due to the climate change that is directly affecting many islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Territory
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2010 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (orange) with human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (green). The cell nuclei are shown in blue.
Author’s interpretation: These cell lineages normally coexist and collaborate in the walls of blood vessels; however, when extracted from the tissue and placed in a culture dish in vitro, they begin to compete for growth space. Are our behaviors as human beings a reflection of something rooted at the cellular level? This work is a microscopic allegory of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Seahorse
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2011 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of monkey kidney epithelial cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (green).
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic abstraction of a male seahorse that represents all the marine wildlife in danger by the warming of the oceans due to climate change.
Reef
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2012 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human carcinoma cells infected with Human Parainfluenza Virus (green). Cytoplasms of non-infected cells are shown in red and nuclei in blue.
Author’s interpretation: Coral reefs are important ecosystems that enable life underwater and provide a crucial source of food and jobs for millions of people. They also protect coastlines from storms and erosion by reducing the power of waves hitting the coast. Climate change is dramatically affecting coral reefs all over the world. Its conservation and restoration must be one of the primary goals for present and future generations.
Climate Change
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2013 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of Dengue Virus plaques on monkey kidney epithelial cells (green). Cytoplasms of non-infected cells are shown in red and nuclei in blue.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of the environmental problem we are facing in the present. Our world is represented in a single well with cells that suffer the drastic changes in the culture conditions occasioned by a viral infection (green), that spreads over this microscopic landscape like twisters and hurricanes do in the affected areas of our planet.
The Chernobyl Fungi
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
Digital BioArt
2014 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of monkey kidney epithelial cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (green). Cytoplasms of non-infected cells are shown in red and nuclei in blue.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic abstraction of radiotropic fungi isolated from the area with radioactive contamination around the Chernobyl nuclear plant. It is simply incredible how our mistakes foster the evolution of other species that, by mere serendipity, help us with bioremediation alternatives.
Ephemeral
Cell culture
Fluorescence microscopy
Digital photomicrography
2015 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human umbilical vein endothelial cells showing cytoplasms in purple and nuclei in magenta.
Author’s interpretation: The current ‘consumer society’ always has something new to show and easily makes us forget the past. In the world of the ‘attention economy,’ it seems we live in a ‘perpetual present,’ where we have neither the time nor space to digest all the data the screen throws at us. In this scenario, the shapes of the cells in the artwork represent the fleeting nature of current ideas, resembling the volatility of a dissipating gas.
Pollock
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
Digital BioArt
2016 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of rhesus monkey cells (magenta) infected with Zika Virus (yellow). Cell nuclei are shown in cyan.
Author’s interpretation: A microscopic allegory of the drip technique, a splashing liquid paint method used by American artist Jackson Pollock, a key figure of the Abstract Expressionist movement in the second half of the 20th century. Cell textures from different microscopic fields were overlaid on a digital canvas.
1P/Halley
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
Digital BioArt
2016 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of monkey kidney epithelial cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (white).
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of comet 1P/Halley. Edmond Halley (1656-1742) stole a victory from superstition and contributed new knowledge to science by mathematically predicting the period of his eponymous comet.
Lucem Aspicio
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
2017 - 60 x 48 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (cyan) infected with Dengue Virus (yellow). Cell nuclei are shown in magenta.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of the University of Costa Rica. State institutions of higher education in Costa Rica not only contribute to the country’s development through the training of highly skilled professionals. Public universities also serve as centers for knowledge generation and patronage for thinkers, scientists, and artists who, through their work, create portals to new horizons and realities.
The Spectrum
Cell culture
Genetic engineering
Live-cell fluorescence imaging
Digital photomicrography
2018 - 41 x 30 cm

Description: Baby hamster kidney cells genetically modified to express different fluorescent proteins (green, red, and yellow). Cell nuclei were labeled with a DNA intercalating agent (blue).
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic abstraction of the spectrum of identities and personalities of biological entities. We are not static organisms, but rather homeostatic ones in constant evolution.
Tropical Spring
Cell culture
Genetic engineering
Live-cell fluorescence imaging
Digital photomicrography
2019 - 40 x 30 cm

Description: Viral plaque assay in monkey kidney cells infected with a fluorescent version of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (violet). DNA intercalating agents were used to mark chromatin condensation (cyan) and cell death (white), respectively.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of the ‘Pink poui’ (Tabebuia rosea), which blooms during the summer in our country and beautifies rural and urban landscapes with its hues.
EVE
Cell culture
Fluorescence microscopy
Digital photomicrography
Social BioArt
2020 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (orange) with human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (green).
Author’s interpretation: Homage to African culture and to Afro-descendant people, the mother of humanity. Inadvertently spread throughout the world and in constant struggle against the systematic discrimination that has existed for centuries. The artwork was revealed to the author during a time of constant tension and protest by human rights movements.
Virtual Meeting
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
Digital BioArt
2021 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human nerve cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1.
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of our modern meetings. Neurons from different microscopic fields were placed together by digital means in a virtually created microscopic space.
Collective Illusion
Cell culture
Genetic engineering
Live-cell fluorescence imaging
Digital photomicrography
2021 - 58 x 40 cm

Description: Fluorescent neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2. Genetically modified monkey kidney cells are shown to express both a fluorescent protein (orange) and the ACE2 receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell. The nuclei were stained with a fluorescent intercalating agent (blue), and live cell fluorescence images were acquired 72 hours after the addition of a lentiviral vector carrying the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in its envelope. The vector was previously incubated with serum from a patient who had received the COVID-19 vaccine. This vector induces the production of a green fluorescent protein that should not be expressed if the patient has neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 that block the Spike protein and prevent the vector from entering the cell. Therefore, the green fluorescence in the image indicates that the patient did not have neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 despite receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Finally, 49 independent fluorescence images were acquired at a total magnification of 200X and stitched together into a single high-definition image.
Author’s interpretation: This work highlights how the mere act of receiving a vaccine does not guarantee protection from an immunological standpoint, as many patients fail to produce high levels of neutralizing antibodies, as demonstrated by the neutralization assay presented. In these cases, vaccination becomes a kind of conceptual placebo with more political and economic purposes than public health benefits.
Drifting
Cell culture
Genetic engineering
Live-cell fluorescence imaging
Digital photomicrography
2022 - 41 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of genetically modified human cervical carcinoma cells to express a fluorescent protein (white). The nuclei, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton were stained with fluorescent probes (green, red, and purple, respectively). These cells originally were part of the tumor that took the life of Henrietta Lacks (1920-1951). The artwork is dedicated to her memory.
Author’s interpretation: From my point of view, the cells of a deceased individual that continue to divide under laboratory conditions are a kind of ‘cellular zombies.’ Biochemical machines with replicative capacity, wandering through space-time and subsisting because it is biologically and thermodynamically plausible, but from the perspective of the original multicellular entity, they have lost their purpose…
Bolivar
Cell culture
Genetic engineering
Live-cell fluorescence imaging
Digital photomicrography
Social BioArt
2022 - 40 x 28 cm

Description: Mixed culture of genetically modified human embryonic kidney cells to express a yellow fluorescent protein, along with human cervical cancer cells. DNA intercalating agents were used to stain the nuclei (blue) and cell death (red).
Author’s interpretation: Microscopic allegory of the political instability experienced in Colombia, Venezuela, and Ukraine in 2022. The artwork symbolizes the struggle of three peoples ‘moving forward’ in pursuit of their freedom. The human carcinoma cells stained in blue represent the oppressive political systems. The innocent populations suffering at the mercy of the dictators are symbolized by the human embryonic kidney cells in yellow. The dead cells in red allude to the martyrs of such injustices.
Lo Fatal
Cell culture
Immunofluorescence
Digital photomicrography
Social BioArt
2023 - 38 x 30 cm

Description: Fluorescence microscopy of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (red) infected with Dengue Virus (green). Cell nuclei are shown in purple.
Author’s interpretation: This work establishes an analogy between the political framework currently governing the Republic of Nicaragua and a lethal viral infection for a cellular system. The map of this country is microscopically represented through a photomicrograph of a group of human cells infected with the Dengue Virus and stained using the immunofluorescence technique. Its name derives from the eponymous poem by Nicaraguan author Rubén Darío, in which the uncertainty of life is described from the perspective of the conscious being. Another analogy is made here with the Nicaraguan youth, who consciously grow up in a repressive system where those in power turn mere subjectivities into absolute and irrefutable truths.